ESSAY DEVELOPMENT
In an
argumentative essay, you will be asked to defend a position with a series of
solid reasons. In a general way, you have done the same thing-making a point
and then supporting it-with all the essays in this book. The difference here is
that argument advances a controversial point, a point at least some of your
readers will not be inclined to accept.
STRATEGIES
FOR ARGUMENT
Since argument assumes
controversy, you have to work hard to convince the reader of your stand. Here
are five strategies you can follow:
Use Tactful, Courteous Language
Stay away
from sweeping statements like “Everybody knows that…”, or even “People with any
intelligence agree that…” Avoid words like “my opponents” or “supporters of…”
because you are implying that the argument is between you and whoever who
disagree with you.
Point Out Common Ground
Another
way to persuade readers to consider your opinion is to point out common
ground-opinions that you share. Find points on which people on all sides of the
argument can agree. Readers will be more receptive to your idea once they have
considered how you and they think alike.
Acknowledge Differing Viewpoints
It is a
mistake to simply ignore points that conflict with yours. Acknowledging other
viewpoints strengthens your position in several ways. Firstly, it helps to spot
flaws in the opposing points-as well as in your argument. Secondly, it gives
the impression that you are a reasonable person, willing to look at an issue
from all sides. Readers are more likely to consider your point of view if you
indicate a willingness to consider theirs.
When Appropriate, Grant the Merits of
Differing Viewpoints
Sometimes an opposing
argument contains a point whose validity you cannot deny. What should you do
then? The strongest strategy is to admit the point is a good one. You will lose
credibility if you argue against something that clearly makes sense. Admit the
merit of one aspect of the other argument while making it clear that you still
believe your argument while making it clear that you still believe your
argument to be stronger.
Rebut Differing Viewpoints
To rebut means to point
out problems with an opposing view, to show where an opponent’s argument breaks
down. A rebuttal can take two forms: (1) you can first mention all the points
raised by the other side and then present your counterargument to each of these
points. (2) You can present the first point raised by the opposition and rebut
that point, then move on to the second opposing point and rebut that, and so
on.
